Merge branch 'master' into production

pull/3/head
Øyvind Skaaden 2020-08-16 15:37:18 +02:00
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NTNU - Filer
============
*Vis [kilden til siden](./index.md).*
Vår 2020
--------
* TTT4270 - Elektronisk systemdesign, prosjekt
- [Teknisk notat. elsys prosjekt v20](./v20/ttt4270/jolyu_fremtidens_fugletitter_elsys_v2020.pdf)
Høst 2019
---------
* TTT4265 - Elektronisk systemdesign II
- Designprosjeter
* [Designnotat 6](./h19/ttt4265/D6.pdf)
* [Designnotat 7](./h19/ttt4265/D7.pdf)
* [Designnotat 8](./h19/ttt4265/D8.pdf)
* [Designnotat 9](./h19/ttt4265/D9.pdf)
* TDT4160 - Datamaskiner og digitalteknikk
- Alt av øvinger, forelesninger og eksamen på [git](https://git.glados.no/oyvindskaaden/TDT4160)
Vår 2019
--------
* TTT4260 - Elektronisk systemdesign I
- Designprosjeter
* [Designnotat 1](./v19/ttt4260/D1.pdf)
* [Designnotat 2](./v19/ttt4260/D2.pdf)
* [Designnotat 3](./v19/ttt4260/D3.pdf)
* [Designnotat 4](./v19/ttt4260/D4.pdf)
* TMA4105 - Matematikk 2
- [Formelark](./v19/tma4105/formelark.pdf)
* TDT4102 - Prosedyre- og objektorientert programmering
- Øvinger på [git](https://git.glados.no/oyvindskaaden/TDT4102-Ovinger)

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<h1>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWAssociativeLinks</h1>
<table>
<tr><th valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/blank.gif" alt="[ICO]"></th><th><a href="index.html?C=N%3BO=A">Name</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=M%3BO=A">Last modified</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=S%3BO=A">Size</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=D%3BO=D">Description</a></th></tr>
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<h1>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWAssociativeLinks</h1>
<table>
<tr><th valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/blank.gif" alt="[ICO]"></th><th><a href="index.html?C=N%3BO=A">Name</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=M%3BO=A">Last modified</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=S%3BO=A">Size</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=D%3BO=A">Description</a></th></tr>
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<h1>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWAssociativeLinks</h1>
<table>
<tr><th valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/blank.gif" alt="[ICO]"></th><th><a href="index.html?C=N%3BO=A">Name</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=M%3BO=D">Last modified</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=S%3BO=A">Size</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=D%3BO=A">Description</a></th></tr>
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<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="Property">Property</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right"> 4 </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
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<h1>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWAssociativeLinks</h1>
<table>
<tr><th valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/blank.gif" alt="[ICO]"></th><th><a href="index.html?C=N%3BO=A">Name</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=M%3BO=A">Last modified</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=S%3BO=A">Size</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=D%3BO=A">Description</a></th></tr>
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<h1>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWAssociativeLinks</h1>
<table>
<tr><th valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/blank.gif" alt="[ICO]"></th><th><a href="index.html?C=N%3BO=D">Name</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=M%3BO=A">Last modified</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=S%3BO=A">Size</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=D%3BO=A">Description</a></th></tr>
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<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="Property">Property</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right"> 4 </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
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<h1>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWAssociativeLinks</h1>
<table>
<tr><th valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/blank.gif" alt="[ICO]"></th><th><a href="index.html?C=N%3BO=A">Name</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=M%3BO=A">Last modified</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=S%3BO=A">Size</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=D%3BO=A">Description</a></th></tr>
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<title>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWAssociativeLinks</title>
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<h1>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWAssociativeLinks</h1>
<table>
<tr><th valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/blank.gif" alt="[ICO]"></th><th><a href="index.html?C=N%3BO=A">Name</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=M%3BO=A">Last modified</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=S%3BO=D">Size</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=D%3BO=A">Description</a></th></tr>
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<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="Property">Property</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right"> 4 </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
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<title>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWAssociativeLinks</title>
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<h1>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWAssociativeLinks</h1>
<table>
<tr><th valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/blank.gif" alt="[ICO]"></th><th><a href="index.html?C=N%3BO=A">Name</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=M%3BO=A">Last modified</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=S%3BO=A">Size</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=D%3BO=A">Description</a></th></tr>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
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<title>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWKeywordLinks</title>
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<body>
<h1>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWKeywordLinks</h1>
<table>
<tr><th valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/blank.gif" alt="[ICO]"></th><th><a href="index.html?C=N%3BO=D">Name</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=M%3BO=A">Last modified</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=S%3BO=A">Size</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=D%3BO=A">Description</a></th></tr>
<tr><th colspan="5"><hr></th></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/back.gif" alt="[PARENTDIR]"></td><td><a href="../index.html">Parent Directory</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"> - </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="BTree">BTree</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right"> 10K</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="Data">Data</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right">1.4K</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="Map">Map</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right"> 34 </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="Property">Property</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right"> 32 </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
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<title>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWKeywordLinks</title>
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<body>
<h1>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWKeywordLinks</h1>
<table>
<tr><th valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/blank.gif" alt="[ICO]"></th><th><a href="index.html?C=N%3BO=A">Name</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=M%3BO=A">Last modified</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=S%3BO=A">Size</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=D%3BO=D">Description</a></th></tr>
<tr><th colspan="5"><hr></th></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/back.gif" alt="[PARENTDIR]"></td><td><a href="../index.html">Parent Directory</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"> - </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="BTree">BTree</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right"> 10K</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="Data">Data</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right">1.4K</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="Map">Map</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right"> 34 </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="Property">Property</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right"> 32 </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
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<title>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWKeywordLinks</title>
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<body>
<h1>Index of /~benb/statics/bssmanual/MAIN/$WWKeywordLinks</h1>
<table>
<tr><th valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/blank.gif" alt="[ICO]"></th><th><a href="index.html?C=N%3BO=A">Name</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=M%3BO=A">Last modified</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=S%3BO=A">Size</a></th><th><a href="index.html?C=D%3BO=A">Description</a></th></tr>
<tr><th colspan="5"><hr></th></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/back.gif" alt="[PARENTDIR]"></td><td><a href="../index.html">Parent Directory</a></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right"> - </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="Property">Property</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right"> 32 </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="Map">Map</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right"> 34 </td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="Data">Data</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right">1.4K</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><img src="http://web.media.mit.edu/icons/unknown.gif" alt="[ ]"></td><td><a href="BTree">BTree</a></td><td align="right">2014-03-23 13:22 </td><td align="right"> 10K</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<meta name="generator" content="Adobe RoboHelp 9">
<title>2-wire mode</title>
<link rel="StyleSheet" href="HtmlHelp.css" type="text/css">
</head>
<body class="ns-0 ltr">
<div id="globalWrapper">
<div id="column-content">
<div id="content">
<h1 class="firstHeading">2-wire mode</h1>
<div id="bodyContent">
<p id="siteSub">In this mode, the control inputs are internally
'pulled up' to +5V DC via a 4.7kOhm resistor. Therefore,
no external voltage source is needed to create contact
closure to ground (for switches such as mute buttons)
or resistance to ground (for other multi-state or continuous
controls such as <a href="MAINPresets.htm">Parameter Presets</a>
or faders). &#160;</p>
<h2>BLU-80/BLU-800/BLU-100 Series</h2>
<p>The diagram below shows connections for an external
switch, resistor ladder and potentiometer. &#160;Two 'common'
ground connections are provided using the 2 'C' pins to
the left of the control inputs.</p>
<p><img src="London_installation_Guide_13.png" alt="" style="border: none;" width="284" height="465" border="0"></p>
<p style="font-weight: bold;"><br>
Table of resistor values for use with Parameter Presets
or source selectors.</p>
<p><img src="ResistorValues.JPG" alt="Image:ResistorValues.JPG " title="Image:ResistorValues.JPG " style="border-width: 2px;
border-style: solid; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;
margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;" width="528" height="268" border="2"></p>
<p>A 47kOhm-log potentiometer connected between a control
input and common will allow parameters to be controlled
linearly.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0;">&#160;</p>
</body>
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<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<meta name="generator" content="Adobe RoboHelp 9">
<title>3-wire mode</title>
<link rel="StyleSheet" href="HtmlHelp.css" type="text/css">
</head>
<body class="ns-0 ltr">
<div id="globalWrapper">
<div id="column-content">
<div id="content">
<h1 class="firstHeading">3-wire mode</h1>
<p>This mode allows the use of linear pots or faders for continuous
controls. A pot would be wired as a potential divider with
the top of the track connected to the reference output (R),
the wiper to a control input and the bottom of the track to
the common (C). For good performance pots with track resistance
between 10K and 100K are recommended.</p>
<div id="bodyContent">
<h2 id="siteSub">BLU-80/BLU-800/BLU-100 Series</h2>
<p>&#160;</p>
<p><img src="London_installation_Guide_14.png" alt="" style="border: none;" width="280" height="423" border="0"></p>
<p>3 wire mode can be enabled in the Properties for a compatible
hardware device under the Parameters \ General section.
&#160;It can also be enabled using the <span style="font-weight: bold;">Control
Port 3-Wire Mode Enabled</span> button on the device's
<a href="Device&#32;Control&#32;Panels.html">Default Control Panel</a>.</p>
<h2>BLU-GPX</h2>
<p style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
font-size: 10pt;">3 wire mode can be enabled using
the Control Port 3-Wire Mode Enabled button on the device's
<a href="Device&#32;Control&#32;Panels.html">Default Control Panel</a>.
Each bank of control inputs (1..8, 9..22, 23..36) can
be enabled independently.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0;">&#160;</p>
</body>
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<!doctype HTML public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Frameset//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<meta name="generator" content="Adobe RoboHelp 9">
<title>AEC Cards</title>
<link rel="StyleSheet" href="HtmlHelp.css" type="text/css">
<style title="hcp" type="text/css">
<!--
span.hcp1 { font-weight:bold; }
img.hcp2 { border:none; }
p.hcp3 { font-style:italic; }
-->
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 class="firstHeading">AEC Cards</h1>
<p>There are 2 AEC versions available, the original AEC algorithm or full
bandwidth AEC. &#160;The type can be selected in properties for the AEC
card or AEC processing object. &#160;The full bandwidth AEC option will
give improved audio performance and we would recommend that you enable
this option. &#160;Any designs which have been created in an earlier version
of London Architect where this feature was not available will retain the
original AEC when loaded. &#160;Existing systems may be upgraded to the
full bandwidth AEC version but additional system tuning may be required
for optimum performance. New designs will default to the full bandwidth
AEC.</p>
<h2>Front Panel Information on Soundweb London Devices</h2>
<p>AEC cards can only operate within a BLU-800/BLU-805/BLU-806,
BLU-160, BLU-320/BLU-325/BLU-326
or &#160;BLU-120 at a sample rate of 48kHz. If an AEC card is fitted to
one of these devices which had already been configured for 96kHz the AEC
LEDs on the front panel will flash to indicate this. Attempts to go online
will fail and be recorded in the Event Log. It will be necessary to change
the sample rate in the design to 48kHz before going online to the device.</p>
<h2>AEC Definitions</h2>
<span class="hcp1">Convergence Rate</span>
<br>Measures the speed of the linear processing component
of the AEC algorithm and does not include the non-linear processing or
suppression (NLP) as dictated by industry standards. This means this is
a measure of how fast the algorithm can recognize and remove echo from
the signal path.
<br>&#160;
<br><span class="hcp1">Double Talk</span>
<br>Both far and near side speech are present.
<br>&#160;
<br><span class="hcp1">Echo Return Loss (ERL)</span>
<br>This is a measure of the coupling between the AEC reference
signal and the AEC input signal.
<br>&#160;
<br><span class="hcp1">Echo Return Loss Enhancement
(ERLE)</span>
<br>This shows the loss through the linear AEC algorithm
(not including the non-linear processing.)
<br>&#160;
<br><span class="hcp1">Far Side (Reference)</span>
<br>This is the remote side of the conference which will
be heard from the near-side speakers.
<br>&#160;
<br><span class="hcp1">Gain Structure&#160;</span>
<br>Proper gain structure will provide an adequate signal
to noise ratio and reasonable headroom for an input signal.
<br>&#160;
<br><span class="hcp1">Near Side (Local)</span>
<br>This is the local side of the conference where the echo
canceller is located.
<br>&#160;
<br><span class="hcp1">Non-Linear Processing
(NLP)</span>
<br>The non-linear processing increases the power of the
echo cancellation for difficult acoustic environments.
<br>&#160;
<br><span class="hcp1">Noise Cancelation (NC)</span>
<br>Noise cancellation removes ambient noise from the AEC
signal (e.g. computer fan noise).
<br>&#160;
<br><span class="hcp1">Voice Activity Detection
(VAD)</span>
<br>Detects whether the audio is speech or silence/background
noise.
<h2>Acoustic Echo Cancellation (AEC)</h2>
<p>Acoustic echo occurs in a conferencing system when the far-side speech
played in the loudspeakers is picked up by microphones in the room and
is transmitted back to the far side. This transmitted signal is a delayed
version of the original, which causes the echo.</p>
<p><img src="AEC&#32;Process.PNG" alt="" width="445" height="166" border="0" class="hcp2"></p>
<p>&#160;The received far-side signal does not transfer directly from the
speaker to the microphone, but is subject to the artifacts of the room.
This may include differing signal paths causing reverb, frequency filtering
and attenuation. These effects are the transfer function of the room.
The transfer function of the room is also dynamic, as objects in the room
move or the microphone moves position.</p>
<p>To correctly subtract the required signal, the AEC therefore needs to
simulate the dynamic room transfer function. It can then apply that transfer
function to the received signal and correctly subtract the modified original
signal.</p>
<p>Each AEC card consists of 4 AEC input channels. Each channel offers
the following features:</p>
<ul>
<li>Independent 20Hz - 8kHz algorithm for the original AEC or 20Hz
- 20kHz algorithm for the full bandwidth AEC selectable</li>
<li>Individual AEC references</li>
<li>Automatic Gain Control (AGC)</li>
<li>Noise Cancellation (NC)</li>
<li>Adaptive (Speech Passing) Non-Linear Processing (NLP)</li>
<li>Extremely fast convergence rates of 49dB/s</li>
</ul>
<p class="hcp3">NOTE: AEC Input cards can only be used in
BLU-800/BLU-805/BLU-806, BLU-320/BLU-325/BLU-326, BLU-160 or BLU-120 devices.</p>
<h2>AEC Card Control Panel</h2>
<p>The AEC default control panel is ordered in two groups of controls for
every input channel. The first group of controls are identical to the
standard Soundweb London input cards and function in the same manner.
These controls are the audio input meter (configurable as Pre or Post-AEC),
input meter controls - Attack, Release, Reference, and Phantom Power -
for each input channel. The second group of controls are the AEC controls.</p>
<h4>AEC Control Panel</h4>
<p>The basic AEC control panel allows enabling and disabling of AEC and
AGC, and allows setting levels for noise cancellation, non-linear processing
and signal threshold. &#160;The AEC control panel for the <a href="BLU-101_Fixed_card_configuration_with_BLU_link.htm">BLU-101</a>
and <a href="BLU-102_Fixed_card_configuration_with_BLU_link.htm">BLU-102</a>
<a href="Conferencing.htm">AEC processing object</a> differs from that
of the AEC input card since it does not show the analogue input meters
and input controls which can be found on the control panel for the analogue
input card for those devices.</p>
<p>&#160;<img src="AEC_control_panel.JPG" alt="" width="832" height="697" border="0" class="hcp2"></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
<h4>AEC</h4>
<p>This button enables or disables AEC processing for each channel. When
this button is enabled the AEC algorithm will remove the acoustic echo
from the audio channel with linear processing and with a specified amount
of non-linear processing. (See <a href="AEC_Cards.htm#NLP_Level">NLP</a> Level below.)</p>
<a name="ERL_Meter" id="ERL_Meter"></a>
<h4>ERL Meter</h4>
<p>The Echo Return Loss (ERL) meter is a measure of the room's natural
attenuation of the far-side audio as it leaves the speaker(s) and re-enters
the microphone(s). This parameter is controlled by proper gain structure
setup (ensuring a good signal to noise ratio and reasonable headroom for
the AEC input signal). A proper gain structure is critical for distortion
free sound and optimal performance for AEC. This is the <b>single most
important parameter</b> when setting up the AEC system.</p>
<p>The AEC algorithm will only be able to recognize and remove echo to
its best extent when this meter is displaying in the 'green' range. The
'green' range is indicated on the control panel below 0dB. The algorithm
will continue to converge over 0dB, but the convergence rate will decrease
in that range. &#160;If the ERL meter is over 10dB, convergence should
not be expected.</p>
<p>This meter will not update during double-talk. It is updated based on
far-side speech only.</p>
<a name="ERLE_Meter" id="ERLE_Meter"></a>
<h4>ERLE Meter</h4>
<p>The Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE) Meter measures how much acoustic
echo is being removed from the signal path. This measurement consists
of the natural room attenuation as indicated by the ERL meter and the
amount of echo removed by the AEC algorithm. A lower signal indicates
more echo being removed. The lower the meter, the better.</p>
<p class="hcp3">NOTE: As dictated by industry standards,
NLP contributions are not included in this reading. NLP contributions
are made <span class="hcp1">in addition to</span> this meter's
reading.</p>
<a name="NLP_Level" id="NLP_Level"></a>
<h4>NLP Level</h4>
<p>The Non-Linear Processing (NLP) setting determines the amount of non-linear
suppression that will be applied in conjunction with the AEC algorithm
for each channel. NLP will remove the residual echo not removed by the
linear part of the AEC algorithm.</p>
<p>This parameter represents a trade-off between achieving good double-talk
performance, with no suppression of the local speech signal, and very
robust echo suppression, with no echo audible on the far side. At its
most aggressive setting (NLP at 100%), the non-linear processing will
remove any of the residual far-side echo picked up by the microphone.
However, this is done with an increased risk that some of the near-side
speech will be degraded as well, especially during double-talk. At its
least aggressive setting (NLP at 0%), the non-linear processing is effectively
disabled, which may let some echo through, but will allow for a more natural
double-talk performance.</p>
<p>The best setting for this parameter may depend on several factors, including
the acoustic properties of the room and user preference. The default value
of 50% may give a good balance between these two competing goals.</p>
<a name="NC_Level" id="NC_Level"></a>
<h4>NC Level</h4>
<p>The Noise-Cancellation (NC) setting will determine the amount of noise
cancellation that will be applied to each channel. The noise cancellation
algorithm is a very advanced algorithm that will remove steady-state noise
without compromising the quality of speech passing through the channel.
This algorithm is great for removing projector noise, HVAC, and other
unwanted background noise that can compromise speech intelligibility.</p>
<h4>Signal Threshold</h4>
<p>In a conferencing system, some microphones may have a mute or push-to-talk
feature built in. If a mic goes into or comes out of mute, then the characteristics
of the conferencing system change instantly, and echo may leak through
as the AEC re-converges. A signal threshold is defined to allow mics with
mute or push-to-talk features to work seamlessly with AEC. Using the threshold,
a level can be defined that is below the normal, ambient noise floor of
the room. If the mic level goes below this level, then the AEC algorithm
will treat the microphone as muted, and minimize any echo that would have
occurred otherwise. The &quot;Active&quot; LED indicates that the microphone
level is over the threshold, and the mic is not treated as being muted.
When the LED is off, the mic level is below the threshold, and the mic
will be treated as being muted.</p>
<p>To set the threshold:</p>
<ul>
<li>Put the microphone in its muted mode.</li>
<li>Set the threshold to a level where the LED turns itself on and
off randomly.</li>
<li>Raise the threshold from this level by 3 to 6 dB. The LED should
now be off with no flickering.</li>
<li>Take the microphone out of its muted mode and the LED should illuminate.</li>
</ul>
<p>This process may need to be repeated if the microphone's preamp gain
is adjusted. To disable the mute feature based on signal threshold, simply
set the threshold to its minimum value.</p>
<a name="Advanced_Panel" id="Advanced_Panel"></a>
<h4>Advanced Panel</h4>
<p>The advanced panel gives access to controls for the automatic gain control.</p>
<p>&#160;<img src="AEC_control_panel_2.JPG" alt="" width="223" height="654" border="0" class="hcp2"></p>
<p><a name="AGC" id="AGC"></a></p>
<h4>AGC</h4>
<p>The Automatic Gain Control is designed for voice applications. It is
designed to compensate for varying distances between the speaker and their
microphone as well as speech level variances at the near end. This provides
the far end with a signal that will automatically be increased or decreased
to maintain a consistent audio level. &#160;&#160;<span class="hcp1">Setting
the maximum gain too high can cause inconsistent gain structures and bring
up the noise floor</span>. &#160;The AGC will adjust the gain during near
side speech only. This means that during pauses in near side speech, the
noise floor will maintain a constant level, and will not grow to hit a
target gain output. Only near side speech signals are used to control
the gain.</p>
<p>To use the AGC, first define target levels for the transmitted speech
signal. The default target levels for AGC are a maximum of 6dBu and a
minimum of -10dBu, which define a target window with 16dB of dynamic range.
If the speech level is within the target window already, then the AGC-applied
gain will go to 0 dB.</p>
<p>If the speech signal is below the target window (i.e., below the minimum
target level), then the AGC will increase the gain (to a limit) so that
the signal level meets the minimum target level. The AGC will limit the
gain it can add to a signal by a maximum gain setting. Once the AGC has
adjusted its gain high enough to meet the maximum gain setting, it will
stop adding gain, even if the minimum target level is not reached. This
is useful to stop very weak speech signals, such as whispering, from driving
the gain too high. &#160;<span class="hcp1">Setting the
maximum gain too high can cause inconsistent gain structures and bring
up the noise floor.</span></p>
<p>Similarly, if the level of the speech signal is higher than the maximum
target level, then the AGC will reduce the gain, by as much as the minimum
gain setting, in an attempt to bring the speech level down to the maximum
target level.</p>
<p>A generous range for the maximum gain and the minimum gain have been
provided. Care should be taken, particularly with the maximum gain setting,
to avoid extreme levels. Situations where the maximum gain setting should
be set over 10dB will be rare. The maximum gain setting has the potential
to break a gain structure, so set it carefully, especially if the setting
is to be used over 10dB.</p>
<p>The attack and release rates for the AGC describe how fast it will adjust
its gain. Because the AGC only adjusts gain during near-side speech signals
(and not during unvoiced consonants like t, s, p, and f), the attack and
release rates should be set higher than other typical AGC implementations.</p>
<p>The AGC meter shows the current amount of gain being applied to the
signal.</p>
<p>Here is a summary of the AGC settings:</p>
<ul>
<li>AGC On &#160;: &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;On/Off
switch to enable/disable automatic gain control</li>
<li>AGC Max Target &#160;: &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Range -20
dBu to +20 dBu (default is +6 dBu)</li>
<li>AGC Min Target &#160;: &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Range
-20 dBu to +20 dBu (default is -10 dBu)</li>
<li>AGC Max Gain &#160;: &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Range
0 dB to +20 dB (default is +6 dB)</li>
<li>AGC Min Gain &#160;: &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Range
-20 dB to 0 dB (default is -6 dB)</li>
<li>AGC Max Rise Rate&#160;: Range 0.1 to 100 dB/s (default is 13.33
dB/s)</li>
<li>AGC Max Fall Rate&#160;: &#160;Range 0.1 to 100 dB/s (default is
15.62 dB/s)</li>
</ul>
<h2>AEC Card Properties</h2>
<a name="Use_Meter" id="Use_Meter"></a>
<h4>Use Meter</h4>
<p>Will enable input channel metering for this card.</p>
<h4>Enable Mutes</h4>
<p>Se to YES will add input mutes to the control panel.</p>
<a name="Metering_Point" id="Metering_Point"></a>
<h4>Metering Point</h4>
<p>Changes the point in the audio path used for metering. Can be pre or
post AEC. The default is to meter pre-AEC so that the meter shows the
level of audio being received by the AEC card before any processing is
applied.</p>
<h4>Full Bandwidth (20kHz)</h4>
<p>You can select either one of the 2 versions of AEC algorithm to use.
&#160;Set to 'No' to select the original version AEC with limited bandwidth.
&#160;Set to 'Yes' to select the later version AEC algorithm with a higher
bandwidth which will give an improved sound quality.</p>
<p><span class="hcp1">Note:</span> Designs created in versions
of London Architect before version 3.04 will default to 'No' for full
bandwidth when loaded into London Architect. &#160;Designs created from
version 3.04 onward will default to 'Yes' for full bandwidth. &#160;In
a design which has more than one AEC card it is possible to have the bandwidth
set individually for each card.</p>
<a name="Parameters" id="Parameters"></a>
<h4>Parameters</h4>
<ul>
<li>Reference - as per standard analogue input card</li>
<li>Attack - as per standard analogue input card</li>
<li>Release - as per standard analogue input card</li>
<li>Gain - as per standard analogue input card</li>
<li>Phantom Switch - as per standard analogue input card</li>
<li>AEC Enable - Appears on the default panel, described in 'AEC Card
Control Panel' section.</li>
<li>NLP Enable - Non-linear processing is on by default. This parameter
is for advanced use and is accessible via the design tree.</li>
<li>NLP Level - Appears on the default panel, described in 'AEC Card
Control Panel' section.</li>
<li>NC Enable - Noise cancellation is on by default. This parameter
is for advanced use and is accessible via the <a href="MAINDesign_tree.htm">design
tree</a>.</li>
<li>NC Level - Appears on the default panel, described in 'AEC Card
Control Panel' section.</li>
<li>Signal Threshold - Appears on the default panel, described in 'AEC
Card Control Panel' section.</li>
<li>AGC Enable - Appears on the default panel, described in 'AEC Card
Control Panel' section.</li>
<li>AGC Max Gain - This parameter sets the maximum gain for AGC operation.
It is for advanced use and is accessible via the design tree.</li>
<li>AGC Min Gain - This parameter sets the minimum gain for AGC operation.
It is for advanced use and is accessible via the design tree.</li>
<li>AGC Max Target - This parameter sets the maximum target for AGC
operation. It is for advanced use and is accessible via the design
tree.</li>
<li>AGC Min Target - This parameter sets the minimum target for AGC
operation. It is for advanced use and is accessible via the design
tree.</li>
<li>AGC Attack - This parameter sets the maximum rise rate (dB/s) for
AGC operation. It is for advanced use and is accessible via the design
tree.</li>
<li>AGC Release - This parameter sets the maximum fall rate (dB/s)
for AGC operation. It is for advanced use and is accessible via the
design tree.</li>
</ul>
<h2>London Architect Configuration Symbol</h2>
<p>For each recognized AEC card in a Soundweb London unit the following
configuration symbols will appear in the Default Configuration view:</p>
<p><img src="AEC_Input_Card.jpg" alt="" width="384" height="195" border="0" class="hcp2"></p>
<p>The left hand 'AEC Input Card' block functions like a standard Soundweb
London input card. This block contains the 4 channels of processed AEC
audio as well as the 4 channels of 'dry' (unprocessed) input audio being
fed into the Soundweb London AEC card. The right hand block 'AEC Input
Ref (REFERENCE) Return' is used to provide the REFERENCE signal for each
AEC algorithm. The Reference signal is the <b>signal that will be removed
by the AEC algorithm from the signal path</b>. The Reference signal should
be taken from as close to the output as possible. This will provide the
AEC algorithm with the most accurate representation of the signal (to
be cancelled) and will provide the best AEC performance.</p>
<h4>Example: Basic Conferencing without Local Sound Reinforcement</h4>
<p>Local Sound Reinforcement refers to a design where the local microphones
feed both the far-side and the local room speakers. This typically applies
in large rooms where other participants located in the same room can't
hear the person speaking.</p>
<p>This example shows 4 microphones feeding the local audio to the far-side
via a <a href="Telephone_Hybrid_Cards.htm">Telephone Hybrid</a>. The far
side audio is received via the <a href="Telephone_Hybrid_Cards.htm">Telephone
Hybrid</a> and processed by the London's Low Pass, High Pass, and Parametric
EQ's before being sent to the local room's speaker(s) for the local participants
to hear. Once the far-side audio leaves the local-side's speakers the
signal will bounce around the room, re-enter the local microphone (mixing
with the local side's speech), and the far-side signal will be sent back
to the far-side resulting in 'echo'. To prevent this echo, the far-side
signal is sent to the Reference inputs of the AEC card where the AEC algorithm
will compare this signal with the input signals of the AEC card (the microphones)
and remove the Reference signal (far side signal) from the input signal
path resulting in only the local side audio being sent to the far-side
i.e. no echo.</p>
<p><img src="image15.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="263" border="0" class="hcp2"></p>
<p>The image below is the same design with the Reference signal wired incorrectly.
Because the Reference is taken before the room processing blocks, the
AEC algorithm will not understand that certain frequencies were cut/boosted
intentionally and will not be able to model the room to its full ability.</p>
<p><img src="image16.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="147" border="0" class="hcp2"></p>
<h4>Example: Basic Conferencing with Local Sound Reinforcement</h4>
<p>This example shows 4 microphones feeding the audio to the far side via
a 'Telephone Hybrid' as well as feeding the local speakers for local sound
reinforcement. Signal mixing is performed using the <a href="Gated_Automixer.htm">Gated
Automixer</a> processing object. &#160;The best method for this type of
design incorporates a mix-minus setup to maintain proper gain structure,
and to prevent the speaker directly above the person talking from transmitting
a delayed - room-coloured - copy that will re-enter the open microphone
and be transmitted to the far side along with the original voice signal.</p>
<p>The design below shows the both the far side and near side signals feeding
the local room speakers. This design works, but as explained above, since
the Reference signal is not being fed after the room processing blocks
(as close to the speaker output as possible) the AEC algorithm won't perform
to its full potential.</p>
<p><img src="image20.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="284" border="0" class="hcp2"></p>
<p>If the Reference is moved to the same location as in the previous 'No
Reinforcement' example, it will satisfy the rule of placing the Reference
'as close as possible' to the speaker output, but in doing so the Reference
will be fed with a mix of both the near side and far side signals. Since
the Reference signal is the 'signal we want to remove from the input audio
path' then this means that the AEC algorithm will cancel the speaker's
voice coming into the AEC Input Card. &#160;Since the input microphone
signal path is being fed to the far side as well as the local speakers
then the far side will not be able to hear the speaker either. (Typically
what happens is that only portions of the speaker's voice gets cancelled
because of the VAD state and it causes the voice to distort and sound
bad to both the far side and the near side)</p>
<p><img src="image21.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="314" border="0" class="hcp2"></p>
<p>To solve this dilemma utilize an N-input parametric EQ and another set
of High/Low Pass objects in order to provide the Reference the same signal
as the room speaker. This means that you only Reference (remove) the far
side signal while still feeding a mix of both near side and far side audio
to the room speakers. <span class="hcp1">It is very important
to make sure the same settings are maintained in both signal paths. In
particular, care must be taken that any non-linear processing (such as
compression or limiting) that happens to the speaker output signal, also
happens to the Reference signal</span>. BSS Audio recommend using the
'copy control values' feature to ensure the settings are identical.</p>
<p><img src="image22.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="301" border="0" class="hcp2"></p>
<h4>Example: Local Media Distribution</h4>
<p>Add to the previous Local Sound Reinforcement design by adding a local
DVD player and a local PC audio input for presentations that the near
side would like to share with the far side as well as having the near
side speakers distribute this material. This design requires that the
local media inputs (DVD/PC) are sent directly to the far side via a 'Telephone
Hybrid' to provide a high quality audio signal. For the near side to hear
the local media inputs through their speakers, Reference (remove) the
far side signal and local media signal from the microphone input signal
path to prevent the far side from hearing their own voice (echo) and from
getting a lower quality local media signal - which can be interpreted
as an echo as well. Remember that you are already directly sending the
local media signal to the far side so you need to make sure that the local
media signal is not allowed to travel to the far side via the microphone
input signal path as well.</p>
<p>Once again, it should be emphasized that the ERL meter needs to be in
the 'green' zone while the local Media sources are playing during the
conference or the AEC algorithm will not be able to remove the echoes.</p>
<p><img src="image23.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="275" border="0" class="hcp2"></p>
<p>&#160;</p>
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