From b6749b36d12ed6c252ff36f6a66dbba10805bbfe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?=C3=98yvind=20Skaaden?= <oyvindskaaden@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 May 2021 18:30:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] Writeup of lecture 11 about preemptive schedudling

---
 ntnu/21v/ttk4145/summary/summary.md | 121 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 121 insertions(+)

diff --git a/ntnu/21v/ttk4145/summary/summary.md b/ntnu/21v/ttk4145/summary/summary.md
index efd1679..8f5d2ea 100644
--- a/ntnu/21v/ttk4145/summary/summary.md
+++ b/ntnu/21v/ttk4145/summary/summary.md
@@ -198,3 +198,124 @@ A transaction is a design framework for Damage Confinement and Error Recovery.
 * **C**oncistency: Leaves the system in a consistent state when finished
 * **I**solation: Errors does not spread
 * **D**urability: Results are not lost
+
+### Atomic Actions
+
+**Resumption vs. Termination mode**
+* If we continue where we were (e.g. after the interrupt) --> *Resumption*
+* If we continue somewhere else (i.e. terminating what we where doing) --> Termination
+
+**Async Notification (AN) = Low level thread interaction**
+* Async event handling. ("Signals") (resumption)
+  * Modeled after a HW interrupt
+  * Can be sent to the correct thread
+  * Can be handled, ignored, blocked --> The domain can be controlled.
+  * Often lead to polling
+    * Could rather skip the signal and poll a status variable or a message queue
+    * Useless
+* ATC --> Async transfer of Control (termination)
+  * Canceling threads
+  * setjmpt/longjmp could convert signals to ATC (not really, but still)
+  * ADA: a strictured mechanism for ATV is integraded with the selected statement
+  * RT Java: A structured mechanism for ATC is integraded with the exception-handling mechanism
+
+#### Cancelling threads
+
+**Yes, killing threads is ATC!**
+
+* Can make termination model by letting domain be a thread
+  * "Create a `doWork` thread, and kill it if the action fails"
+* Ca still control domain by disabling "cancelstate"
+
+**But, but, but: It leaves ut in undifined state!?**
+* Not if we have...
+  * Full control over changed state (like logs or recovery points) or some other way of recovering well.
+  * A lock manager that can unlock on behalf of killed thread
+  * Some control of where we were killed (like nok in the middle of a lock manager or log call)
+* An this is what we have!
+
+
+## Shared variable synchronization
+
+### Non-Preemptive scheduling
+
+Controlling a pump filling a tank.
+
+**Spec:**
+* Every second: measure the water level of the tank and generate the reference to the pump
+* 10 times a second: Set the power of the pump motor
+* Do some GUI: let the human control the process
+
+#### A trivial solution: "Cyclic Exectutive"
+
+{% highlight c %}
+oldTime = now();
+i = 0;
+while(true) {
+    i = i + 1;
+    if (i % 10 == 0) {
+        i = 0;
+        calculatePumpReference();
+    }
+    controlPump();
+    do {
+        handleUserEvent();
+    } while(now() < oldTime + 0.1);
+    oldTime = oldTime + 0.1;
+}
+{% endhighlight %}
+
+**Drawbacks**
+
+* OK tasks?
+* Timing hard to tune (what if pump sampling should be $\pi$/10?)
+* Overload (what if `calucaltePumpReference` uses more than 1/10 seconds?)
+* How to add new tasks? (Everything is coupled)
+* Waste of time in the do-loop?
+* What is priority of `handleUserEvents`?
+* How are erros, exceptions, alarms etc. handled?
+
+#### Better soulution with Non-preemptive scheduler
+
+* *3 taskts* administered by a scheduler
+* The scheduler takes care of who runs and timing
+* Scheduler often inculuded in OSes
+* Introducing priorities
+
+{% highlight c %}
+/**
+  * scheduler_registerThread(function, time, priority)
+  * Higher priority numer means higher priority in scheduler
+  */
+main() {
+    scheduler_registrerThread(controlPump, 0.1, 3);
+    scheduler_registrerThread(calculatePumpReference, 1, 2);
+    scheduler_registrerThread(handleUserEvents, 0.2, 1);
+    scheduler_mainLoop();
+}
+{% endhighlight %}
+
+**Some notes on priorities**
+* Priority is generally not important; rather, the main rule is to give higher priority to shorter-deadline tasks. 
+  * This allows tasks to reach its deadlines.
+* ... but this is not always the case - if e.g. the tasks are cooperating
+* We still handle overload badly
+* And: What connection between deadline and priority to start with?
+  * Is this a good dependency seen from a code quality perspective?
+
+### Pros and cons of nonpreemptive scheduling
+
+| **Pros**                                       | **Cons**                                                                   |
+| :--------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Simple, intuitive, predictable                 | C macro hell                                                               |
+| No kernel                                      | Threads must cooperate <-- a form of dependency breaking module boundaries |
+| Fast switching times                           | Heavy threads must be divided                                              |
+| Some elegant sunchronization patterns possible | Can we handle blocking of library functions?                               |
+|                                                | Unrobust to errors                                                         |
+|                                                | Unrobust to (heavy) error handling                                         |
+|                                                | Hard to tune at end of project                                             |
+{: .table-responsive-lg .table }
+
+
+
+